Anaerobic Threshold Determination in Cycle Ergometer From Rating of Perceived Exertion.

ABSTRACT: Santos, GAd, Numata-Filho, ES, Rosa, TdS, Passos Neves, RV, Simões, HG, and Moreira, SR. Anaerobic threshold determination in cycle ergometer from rating of perceived exertion. J Strength Cond Res 36(5): 1277-1281, 2022-The objective of the study was to investigate the validity of the rating of perceived exertion threshold (TRPE) for anaerobic threshold (AT) estimation during an incremental test (IT) on a cycle ergometer. Nineteen physically active and healthy men performed an IT on a cycle ergometer. The intensity corresponding to the AT was considered as the point immediately before the abrupt increase in blood lactate concentration ([La]) in the IT. TRPE was determined in the last intensity corresponding to perceptual response previous the 15 arbitrary units (AU) in the 15-point RPE scale. The heart rate (HR), [La], and RPE were obtained at the end of each stage of the IT. There was no significant difference between workload obtained from the AT (150 [120-150] watts) and TRPE (150 [120-150] watts) (p > 0.05). In addition, there were no differences between HR (AT, 139.5 ± 12.7 b·min-1 vs. TRPE, 141.9 ± 14.6 b·min-1, p > 0.05) and [La] (AT, 3.1 [2.8-3.2] mM vs. TRPE, 3.1 [2.9-3.7] mM, p > 0.05). There was a strong correlation between the intensities in AT and TRPE during the IT (r = 0.88). A substantial reliability (intraclass correlation coefficient = 0.84 [0.64-0.94 confidence interval 95%]) was evidenced, as well as a substantial agreement between the AT and TRPE intensities (Pc = 0.84), as confirmed by the Bland-Altman plot (-4.7 [-34.2/24.7]). TRPE was a predictor of the AT (ß = 1.146, R = 0.770, SEE = 15.070, p < 0.01). It can be concluded that TRPE is valid for AT estimation during an IT on a cycle ergometer.

Anthropometric profile and functional performance of capoeira competitors in the world games / Perfil antropométrico y desempeño funcional de los competidores de capoeira en los juegos mundiales

SUMMARY: This study aimed to characterize the anthropometric profile and functional performance of elite competitors in different categories in the world championship of the ABADÁ-Capoeira School. Fifty high level male athletes were divided according to their weight categories, being: light category (VIOLA: ≤ 76.9 kg; n = 15); intermediate category (MEDIO: > 77.0 kg until ≤ 85.9 kg; n = 25) and heavy category (GUNGA: ≥ 86.0 kg; n = 10). Two evaluation batteries were performed: 1) anthropometry and somatotype determination; 2) physical performance in tests of push-up, sit-up, sit-and-reach, quadrant jump test, squat jump (SJ), and counter movement jump (CMJ). The "endo-mesomorph" classification predominated in the three categories. There was a difference in the quadrant jump test between VIOLA and GUNGA subgroups (F[2.47] = 4.299; p = 0.019). Endomorphism had a negative correlation (p < 0.01) with the performance in the sit-up (r = -0.51), push-up (r = -0.39), SJ (r = -0.45), and CMJ (r = -0.49). Male elite competitors at the international level, regardless the weight category, have a predominance of the mesomorphic component of the somatotype. Moreover, all capoeira athletes were classified as excellent for the sit-and-reach, sit-up, and push-up, and the latter were positively correlated with mesomorphism. However, endomorphism was inversely associated with the sit-up, push-up, SJ, and CMJ. In this way, the present study assists coaches in the formulation of appropriate training programs aiming the development of an ideal physical composition, which will be associated with high-level performance in capoeira.

RESUMEN: Este estudio tuvo como objetivo caracterizar el perfil antropométrico y el desempeño funcional de los competidores de élite en diferentes categorías en el campeonato mundial de la Escuela de Capoeira ABADÁ. Cincuenta deportistas masculinos de alto nivel se dividieron según sus categorías de peso: categoría ligera (VIOLA: ≤ 76,9 kg; n = 15); categoría intermedia (MEDIO: > 77,0 kg hasta ≤ 85,9 kg; n = 25) y categoría pesada (GUNGA: ≥ 86,0 kg; n = 10). Se realizaron dos baterías de evaluación: 1) antropometría y determinación del somatotipo; 2) rendimiento físico en pruebas de flexiones, abdominales, sentadillas y estiramientos, prueba de salto en cuadrante, salto en cuclillas y salto con contramovimiento. La clasificación "endo-mesomorfo" predominó en las tres categorías. Hubo una diferencia en la prueba de salto de cuadrante entre los subgrupos VIOLA y GUNGA (F [2,47] = 4,299; p = 0,019). El endomorfismo tuvo una correlación negativa (p <0.01) con el desempeño en los abdominales (r = - 0,51), lagartijas (r = -0,39), SJ (r = -0,45) y CMJ (r = - 0,49). Los competidores de élite masculinos a nivel internacional, indepen- dientemente de la categoría de peso, tienen predominio del componente mesomórfico del somatotipo. Además, todos los atletas de capoeira fueron clasificados como excelentes para sit-and-reach, sit-up y push-up, y estos últimos se correlacionaron positivamente con el MESO. Sin embargo, el ENDO se asoció inversamente con los abdominales, lagartijas, SJ y CMJ. De esta manera, el presente estudio ayuda a los entrenadores en la formulación de programas de entrenamiento adecuados que apunten al desarrollo de una composición física ideal, que estará asociada con un rendimiento de alto nivel en la capoeira.

Resposta aguda do exercício resistido dinâmico e isométrico em variáveis hemodinâmicas e autonômicas cardíacas em homens adultos / Respuesta aguda del ejercicio resistido dinámico y isométrico en variables hemodinámicas y autonómicas cardíacas en hombres adultos / Acute response to dynamic and isometric resistance exercise in hemodynamic and autonomic cardiac variables in male adults

Objetivo: Comparar respostas hemodinâmicas e autonômicas cardíacas após sessões agudas de exercício resistido dinâmico e isométrico. Método: Após familiarização às sessões experimentais e teste de uma repetição máxima, 12 homens (idade: 49.0±6.4 anos) sem o uso de medicamentos e experiência em exercício resistido foram randomizados de forma cruzada à duas sessões experimentais de exercício resistido dinâmico e isométrico compostos por um circuito de seis exercícios alternados por segmento corporal e à uma intensidade de 60% de uma repetição máxima. Aos momentos de repouso e recuperação foram mensuradas a pressão arterial sistólica e diastólica e registrado os intervalos R-R com posterior cálculo de índices da variabilidade da frequência cardíaca. Resultados: Não foram observadas diferenças estatisticamente significantes nas respostas pressóricas entre as sessões experimentais. O duplo produto se recuperou para valores basais aos 25min da recuperação em ambas as sessões. A frequência cardíaca permaneceu mais elevada durante momentos da recuperação na sessão dinâmico, ao passo que a sessão isométrica recuperou menos batimentos cardíacos para essa mesma variável. Adicionalmente, o balanço simpato-vagal permaneceu elevado e indicadores parassimpáticos diminuídos, em relação ao repouso, após sessão isométrica. Conclusão: Não ocorreram diferenças nas respostas hemodinâmicas entre as sessões de exercício resistido. Por outro lado, demonstrou-se diferentes recuperações para a frequência cardíaca e variáveis autonômicas após as sessões experimentais

Objetivo: Comparar respuestas hemodinámicas y autonómicas cardíacas después de sesiones agudas de ejercicio resistido dinámico y isométrico. Método: Después de familiarización en las sesiones experimentales y prueba de una repetición máxima, 12 hombres (edad: 49.0±6.4 años) sin el uso de medicamentos y experiencia en ejercicio resistido fueron randomizados de forma cruzada a dos sesiones experimentales de ejercicio resistido dinámico y isométricos compuestos por un circuito de seis ejercicios alternados por segmento corporal con una intensidad del 60% de una repetición máxima. Durante los momentos de reposo y recuperación se midieron la presión arterial sistólica y diastólica y se registraron los intervalos R-R con posterior cálculo de índices de la variabilidad de la frecuencia cardíaca. Resultados: No se observaron diferencias estadísticamente significativas en las respuestas de presión arterial entre las sesiones experimentales. El doble producto se recuperó a valores basales a los 25min de la recuperación en ambas sesiones. La frecuencia cardiaca permaneció más elevada durante momentos de recuperación en la sesión dinámica, mientras que la sesión isométrica recuperó menos latidos cardíacos para esa misma variable. Todavía, el balance simpático-vagal permaneció elevado e indicadores parasimpáticos disminuidos, en relación al reposo, después de la sesión isométrica. Conclusión: No ocurrieron diferencias en las respuestas hemodinámicas entre las sesiones de ejercicio. Sin embargo, se demostró diferentes recuperaciones entre las variables autonómicas después de las sesiones experimentales

Objective: To compare hemodynamic and cardiac autonomic responses after acute sessions of dynamic and isometric resistance exercise. Methods: After familiarization with the experimental sessions and maximal repetition test, 12 men (age: 49.0±6.4 years) without medication and experience in resistance exercise were cross-randomized in two experimental sessions of dynamic and isometric resistance exercise composed by a circuit with six alternating exercises per body segment and at intensities of 60% of a one maximum repetition. At rest and recovery moments, systolic and diastolic blood pressure were measured and R-R intervals were recorded with subsequent calculation of heart rate variability indexes. Results: No statistically significant differences were observed in blood pressure responses between experimental sessions. The rate pressure product recovered to baseline at 25min of recovery in both sessions. The heart rate remained higher during moments of recovery in the dynamic session, while the isometric session recovered fewer heart beats for that same variable. In addition, the sympatho-vagal balance remained high and the parasympathetic indicators decreased in relation to rest after the isometric session. Conclusion: There were no differences in hemodynamic response between resistance exercise sessions. Otherwise, different recoveries between the autonomic variables after the experimental sessions were demonstrated

Effects of isometric resistance training on blood pressure and physical fitness of men

Abstract AIMS The present study aimed to investigate the effects of whole body isometric resistance training (IRT) on blood pressure (BP), strength and aerobic fitness. We also analyzed whether the effects of whole body isometric training compares to whole body dynamic resistance training (DRT). METHODS Twenty-nine pre-hypertensive sedentary males, aged between 40 and 60 years were divided into three groups: IRT (n = 10), DRT (n = 9), and Control (n = 10). Both programs involved whole body resistance training, and occurred for 12 weeks, three times/week, at an intensity of 60% of a dynamic one repetition maximum test (1RM). Before and after 12 weeks, 24 hours blood pressure monitoring, 1RM strength and aerobic fitness were assessed. RESULTS IRT reduced diastolic BP values during a 24-hour period and daytime. There was also a decrease in mean BP values during daytime (P<0.05). No interaction between time and group in systolic BP, diastolic BP, mean BP, heart rate and arterial stiffness index were observed (P>0.05). IRT increased strength and aerobic fitness when compared to Control group. However, these changes were lower than DRT regarding strength (DRT: ∆ = 43.1±10.6% vs. IRT: ∆ = 24.1±7.1% vs. CON: Δ = 4.2±11.5%; P<0.05) and aerobic fitness (DRT: ∆ = 22.9±10.7% vs. IRT: ∆ = 12.9±6.1% vs. CON: Δ = -2.1±7.4%; P<0.01). CONCLUSION Whole body IRT reduced diastolic BP and mean BP, however, the decrease was not different for the DRT group. IRT also increased strength and aerobic fitness, nevertheless, these changes were lower than after DRT.

Efeito dos intervalos entre séries na hipotensão pós-exercício resistido: uma revisão sistemática / Effect of intervals between sets in post resistance exercise hypotension: a systematic review

Introdução: A hipotensão pós-exercício é definida como uma redução da pressão arterial, após uma única sessão de exercício, para valores abaixo dos observados no repouso pré-exercício. Objetivo: Revisar sistematicamente a literatura quanto ao efeito dos intervalos de recuperação entre séries na hipotensão pós-exercício resistido. Métodos: Foram realizadas buscas por dois investigadores independentes nas bases de dados Pubmed, Scopus e Cochrane Controlled Trials Database. Resultados: Foram encontrados 570 estudos entre 1980 e 2016, onde destes, 6 atenderam os critérios de elegibilidade. Conclusão: O intervalo de recuperação de 120 segundos entre séries parece promover maior duração e magnitude na hipotensão pós-exercício resistido quando adotado o método convencional. Por outro lado, quando o método circuitado foi realizado, 30 a 40 segundos de intervalo de recuperação entre séries podem ser importantes na indução da hipotensão pós-exercício resistido de pressão arterial sistólica. (AU)

Introduction: The post-exercise hypotension is defined as a reduction in blood pressure to values below those observed in the pre-exercise rest. Objective: To review systematically the literature regarding the effect of the recovery intervals between sets on post-resistance exercise hypotension. Methods: Two independents investigators performed search on Pubmed, Scopus and the Cochrane Controlled Trials Database. Results: Were found 570 studies between 1980 and 2016, where of these, 6 met the eligibility criteria. Conclusion: The recovery interval of 120 seconds between sets appears to promote greater duration and magnitude in post-resistance exercise hypotension when adopted the conventional method. On the other hand, when the circuited method is performed, 30 to 40 seconds of recovery interval between sets may be important in the induction of post-resistance exercise hypotension of systolic blood pressure. (AU)

Estilo de vida influencia variáveis antropométricas e pressão arterial em adultos jovens / Lifest yle affects anthropometric variables and arterial blood pressure in young adults

A composição corporal e a pressão arterial (PA) podem sofrer influências de padrões do estilo de vida (EV). Desse modo, o objetivo deste trabalho foi investigar a influência do EV em variáveis antropométricas e PA em adultos jovens frequentadores de parque de lazer. Cento e quatro indivíduos de ambos os sexos (31±8 anos) responderam o Questionário "Estilo de Vida Fantástico" e foram submetidos a mensurações de PA, circunferência da cintura (CC), massa corporal e estatura para cálculo do índice de massa corporal (IMC). A amostra foi dividida por sexo e estratificada em "Baixo EV" (BEV; 0-69 pontos) e "Alto EV" (AEV; 70-100 pontos). Diferenças foram encontradas quando comparados os estratos BEV vs. AEV para massa corporal (Geral: 74±16 vs. 67±13 kg; Masc: 84±17 vs. 74±13 kg; Fem: 66±10 vs. 61±8 kg; p <0 ,05); IMC (Geral: 27±4 vs. 24±3 kg.m2(-1); Masc: 27±4 vs. 25±4 kg.m2(-1); Fem: 26±4 vs. 24±3 kg.m2(-1); p < 0,05); CC (Geral: 84±1 vs. 79±10 cm; Masc: 91±14 vs. 83±11 cm; p < 0,05); e PA diastólica (Geral: 79±8 vs.73±13 mmHg; Masc: 79±8 vs.71±15 mmHg; Fem: 80±8 vs. 73±12 mmHg; p < 0.05). Foi possível concluir que frequentadores de parque de lazer com BEV apresentam variáveis antropométricas e PA diastólica aumentadas em relação aos que apresentam AEV.

Body composition and arterial blood pressure (AP) are affected by lifestyle (LS). Current research investigates the influence of LS on the anthropometric variables and AP in young adults who frequent a recreation park. One hundred and four subjects of both genders, 31±8 years old, answered the questionnaire "Fantastic Lifestyle" and their blood pressure (AP), waist circumference (HC), body mass and height for Body Mass Index (BMI) were taken. The sample was divided by gender and stratified in "Low LS" (LLS; 0-69 scores) and "High LS" (HLS; 70-100 scores). Differences occurred when LLS vs HLS were compared for body mass (General: 74±16 vs. 67±13 kg; Male: 84±17 vs. 74±13 kg; Female: 66±10 vs. 61±8 kg; p <0.05); BMI (General: 27±4 vs. 24±3 kg.m2(-1); Male: 27±4 vs. 25±4 kg.m2(-1); Female: 26±4 vs. 24±3 kg.m2(-1); p < 0.05); CC (General: 84±1 vs. 79±10 cm; Male: 91±14 vs. 83±11 cm; p < 0.05); diastolic AP (General: 79±8 vs.73±13 mmHg; Male: 79±8 vs.71±15 mmHg; Female: 80±8 vs. 73±12 mmHg; p < 0.05). Results show that people from the recreation park with LLS had altered anthropometric variables and diastolic AP when compared with those of HLS.